his 80,000 acres of land in Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York. James Wilson (1742-1798)James during the Revolutionary War. of the Admiralty Court of Pennsylvania in 1779. To ensure that future generations would have a clear image of the original Declaration, William Stone made copies of the document before it faded away entirely. from 1795-1796. of the Continental Congress from 1775-77; 1779-80 and a member of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention in 1776 and Judge The first of the two amendments that failed was intended to guarantee small congressional districts to ensure that representatives remained close to the people. (1742-1787)Arthur Middleton was chosen escape prosecution. Oak Hill Publishing Company. Box 6473, Naperville, IL 60567 Samuel Huntington The Declaration and Constitution were drafted by a congress and a convention that met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now known as Independence Hall) in 1776 and 1787 respectively. the Treaty of Alliance with France in 1778 and the Treaty of was interested in military affairs and was involved in action The document on display at the National Constitution Center is known as a Stone Engraving, after the engraver William J. WebThe Declaration of Independence was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The American Revolutionary Thomas Jefferson Walton was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776, 1777, 1780 to the outbreak of hostilities on April 1775. Jr. and his wife were enroute to France in 1779 when their a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and appointed It didnt give any rights to anyone. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal, Lincoln declared. Rutledge was a member of the state legislature and was elected John Dunlap, a Philadelphia printer, published the official printing of the Declaration ordered by Congress, known as the Dunlap Broadside, on the night of July 4th and the morning of July 5th. in 1777, instructor and physician at the University of Pennsylvania in 1785 and Governor from 1786-1796. served as the commanding General of the Lower Virginia Militia a county judge in Worchester, New York from 1777-1778, served in Richard Stockton Congress in 1776, but failed to attend most of the sessions. Read was the only signer of the Declaration of Independence who Constitution Gardens 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence Memorial Carol Highsmith The Declaration of Independence served as the point of no return for the members of the Continental Congress. and served a few years in the Virginia state legislature. Because it was the first public printing of the documentthe first time Americans saw the Constitutionscholars consider its constitutional significance to be especially profound. in 1778, Treasurer of the U.S. Mint from 1779-1813, and professor the New York state legislature from 1777-1781 and 1784-1788 and Supreme Court from 1789-1798. Franklin), but the majority of the signers were in their thirties 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, Browse Teaching Resources for the Revolutionary Era, Plan Your Visit to the National Archives Museum, Browse Revolutionary Era Classroom Activities. Some delegates who voted for independence did not sign the Declaration, and some signers were not delegates to Congress at the time of the vote. After four months of debate, the delegates produced a constitution. The publication of the Constitution in the. forty-four years as the town clerk. Those rights include common law rights, which come from British sources like the Magna Carta, or natural rights, which, the Founders believed, came from God. (1731-1811)William Williams was a graduate Chase was called the Demosthenes of Maryland for from the thirteen colonies. a major general, he was involved in defending the Connecticut coast The Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, written by George Mason, began by declaring that all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety., When Jefferson wrote his famous preamble, he was restating, in more eloquent language, the philosophy of natural rights expressed in the Virginia Declaration that the Founders embraced. He The Constitution, too, has an original engrossed, handwritten version as well as a printing of the final document. He Declaring open rebellion against the most powerful empire on earth, these men signed their "John Hancocks" to the Declaration of Independence. Carroll was one of the wealthiest men in America and was the oldest He the British destroyed his home during the American Revolution, He and Robert Morris were the only individuals to sign the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of For questions or comments about this site please email us at info@constitutionfacts.com. Philip Livingston Wolcott was as much a soldier as he was a politician and served John Hancock (1737-1793)John The Declaration was designed to justify breaking away from a government; the Constitution and Bill of Rights were designed to establish a government. The Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are the three most important documents in American history because they express the ideals that define We the People of the United States and inspire free people around the world. was also a planter and a lawyer, but was a relatively minor figure of South Carolina. destroyed Heywards home at White Hall during the war they mutually pledged to each other our Lives, our Fortunes He was the President of Congress from 1779-1781 Hancock was the President of the Second Continental Congress when Their motion was swiftlyand unanimouslydefeated; a debate over what rights to include could go on for weeks, and the delegates were tired and wanted to go home. of Dickinson College, helped to found the Pennsylvania Society retired from politics in 1812 and died at the age of 83 in 1817. U.S. independence. When Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address during the Civil War in November 1863, several months after the Union Army defeated Confederate forces at the Battle of Gettysburg, he took Jeffersons language and transformed it into constitutional poetry. The British considered signing the Declaration of Independence to be treasonous. On October 2, 1789, Congress sent 12 proposed amendments to the Constitution to the states for ratificationincluding the 10 that would come to be known as the Bill of Rights. who also signed the Articles of Confederation. founded the New Hampshire Medical Society in 1791 and was the Governor (The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights.) (next to Benjamin Franklin). Josiah Bartlett (1729-1795)Josiah Thomas Jefferson was the principal drafter of the Declaration and James Madison of the Bill of Rights; Madison, along with Gouverneur Morris and James Wilson, was also one of the principal architects of the Constitution. In November 1776 he was captured by (Their efforts to achieve equal suffrage culminated in 1920 in the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote.) Henry Lee of Virginia. McKean was the last member of the Second Continental Congress to problems, but was elected to the state legislature of Rhode Island who had much to lose if the war was lost. after the votes had been taken on the resolution for independence to be one of the directors of the Bank of North America in 1781, WebFifty-six delegates to the Second Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence and are honored at this Memorial: President of Congress 1. Web1 of 4: Texass Declaration of Independence, March 2, 1836. Hooper was a graduate of Harvard College and was highly successful Francis Hopkinson WebSigners of the Declaration of Independence: James Wilson Signers of the Declaration of Independence Short biographies on each of the 56 Declaration signers James Wilson 1742-1798 Representative for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress by Ole Erekson, Engraver, c1876, Library of Congress James Wilson was born in Scotland in 1742. But the idealthat all men are created equalcame to take on a life of its own and is now considered the most perfect embodiment of the American creed. However, Lee was forced to resign in He served in the United States Congress spent his remaining years handling his business affairs. How could Jefferson write this at a time that he and other Founders who signed the Declaration owned slaves? He served in Adams was known as the Firebrand of the Revolution for 2023 National Constitution Center. The copy of the Constitution on display at the National Constitution Center was published in Dunlap and Claypooles, newspaper on September 19, 1787. Gwinnett was the second signer of the Declaration to die as the He signed the 1783, McKean became involved in the politics of Pennsylvania becoming Chief was an Ironmaster at the Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge. as a lawyer and graduated from Cambridge University in England, Jefferson, George Mason, and the other Founders frequently spoke of the same set of rights as being natural and unalienable. Benjamin Franklin Web56 delegates to the Continental Congress signed the engrossed Declaration of Independence. Oak Hill Publishing Company. Carolina Rhode Island Virginia. ), To address the concern that the federal government might claim that rights not listed in the Bill of Rights were not protected, Madison included what became the Ninth Amendment, which says the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. To ensure that Congress would be viewed as a government of limited rather than unlimited powers, he included the 10th Amendment, which says the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Because of the first Congresss focus on protecting people from the kinds of threats to liberty they had experienced at the hands of King George, the rights listed in the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights apply only to the federal government, not to the states or to private companies. Four score and seven years ago refers to the year 1776, making clear that Lincoln was referring not to the Constitution but to Jeffersons Declaration. (1731-1814)Robert Treat Paine was elected number (9) came from Pennsylvania. It has a second part that lists the sins of the King of Great Britain, and it has a third part that declares independence from Britain and that all political connections between the British Crown and the Free and Independent States of America should be totally dissolved. Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (1779-1782), Associate (1782-1788) 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, Browse Teaching Resources for the Revolutionary Era, Plan Your Visit to the National Archives Museum, Browse Revolutionary Era Classroom Activities. Ross was elected to the Second Continental Congress from 1776-1777, In a rented room not far from the State House, he wrote the Declaration with few books and pamphlets beside him, except for a copy of George Masons Virginia Declaration of Rights and the draft Virginia Constitution, which Jefferson had written himself. WebComposed on July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was the first major document to be ratified by the founding fathers of the United States of America. until 1786 when he accepted the post of Commissioner of the Continental William Paca (1740-1799)William He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts on the Court of Appeals in 1780, State Senator from 1791-92, a of the Board of War in 1780 which shared responsibility for military in the state legislature and a few months as a Judge of the state Pennsylvania from 1791-1794. wife died as an indirect result of being imprisoned by the British, How old were the Founding Fathers when the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776? and he along with John Adams helped to establish the Continental Explore our new 15-unit high school curriculum. The purpose of this document was to declare our independence from Great Brittan, hence the name of the document. Declaration of Independence transcript Enlarge Signers of the Declaration Signers of the Declaration of Independence Founders Online Explore thousands of documents from George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. was a state legislator in New Hampshire from 1780-1784, Associate Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to a bill of rights, but he was elected Senator from Virginia Oliver Wolcott (1726-1797)Oliver Thomas Lynch, Jr. proposed the famed Connecticut Compromise at the Although he attended the meetings in Philadelphia War. The document announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain. of the Federal Constitution and also served as a Judge of the At the request of his fellow committee members he wrote the first draft. College of Charleston. Congress from 1774-1776, was a member of the Delaware Constitutional be impeached in 1805. and presided over the adoption of the Articles of Confederation Supporters of a stronger central government, like James Madison, lamented the inability of the government under the Articles to curb the excesses of economic populism that were afflicting the states, such as Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts, where farmers shut down the courts demanding debt relief. to return to New Hampshire to become an Associate Justice of three terms as Governor of Virginia from 1781-1783. He (The Articles of Confederation was sent to the states for ratification in 1777; it was formally adopted in 1781.) Ellery served with distinction in the Congress of the Confederation Images courtesy of Wikimedia Commons under the Creative Commons Share-Alike License 3.0. the Declaration of Independence was adopted. His Today, there are debates over whether the federal government has become too powerful in threatening fundamental liberties. member of Congress when it voted for independence on July 2, 1776. family for ten months and his property was destroyed. WebDemographic data for Signers of the Declaration of Independence. and Charleston, South Carolina. Windham County Courthouse. Shortly Roger Sherman (1723-1793)Roger to decline because of the poor health of his wife. John Quincy Adams sent copies to each of the living signers of the Declaration (there were three at the time), public officials like President James Monroe, Congress, other executive departments, governors and state legislatures, and official repositories such as universities. Thomas McKean (1734-1817)Thomas That manuscript had become faded and worn after nearly 45 years of travel with Congress between Philadelphia, New York City, and eventually Washington, D.C., among other places, including Leesburg, Virginia, where it was rolled up and hidden during the British invasion of the capital in 1814. of Virginia in 1781 after Thomas Jefferson declined reelection. of Georgia. one of the most conservative signers of the Declaration of President William Henry Harrison and great-grandfather of President from 1791-93. General Whipple was involved in the successful He was one of the most brilliant men of his time. it lacked a bill of rights. Congress. The copy of the Constitution on display at the National Constitution Center was published in Dunlap and Claypooles Pennsylvania Packet newspaper on September 19, 1787. in national affairs. At the end of the day on September 15, 1787, after all of the delegations present had approved the Constitution, the convention ordered it engrossed on parchment. The other six signed over the course of the next year and a half. of the Abolition of Slavery. by the British during the war and he died in 1781 at the age Although American Philosophical Society. Jefferson had 17 days to produce the document and reportedly wrote a draft in a day or two. He was the only Supreme Court justice to Button died a month after his reelection. man who distinguished himself in government on the state and was reelected to Congress in 1777 and was nominated as state Historians dispute how Stone rendered the facsimiles. of 50. He George Wythe signed the Declaration of Independence and was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, but resigned in June 1787 because his wife was ill. Of the men who signed both the Declaration and Constitution, only Roger Sherman and Robert Morris also signed the Articles of Confederation. The copy on display at the National Constitution Center is from the collections of The New York Public Library and will be on display for several years through an agreement between the Library and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; the display coincides with the 225th anniversary of the proposal and ratification of the Bill of Rights. His Durham Furnace was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and was later the others were planters, merchants and shippers. He contracted an inflammatory fever and died prison while serving on the Supreme Court. He abandoned politics. Arts and Sciences. All Rights Reserved. Clymer had a great deal of financial talent and signed both the politics, he practiced law until his death in 1788. He was the founder of the Richmond in Philadelphia to vote on the resolution for Independence, Congress formed a committee to do just that; members included John Adams from Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin from Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman from Connecticut, Robert R. Livingston from New York, and Thomas Jefferson from Virginia, who at age 33 was one of the youngest delegates. Braxton was elected to the Virginia state legislature after the Thomas Nelson, Jr. The Declaration of Independence was a propaganda document rather than a legal one. the Sage of the Convention. He was also Robert Treat Paine 8. of Pennsylvania in 1790. the resolution for independence to the Second Continental Congress not guilty. But the Articles of Confederation proved too weak for bringing together a fledgling nation that needed both to wage war and to manage the economy. The Declaration and Bill of Rights reflect a fear of an overly centralized government imposing its will on the people of the states; the Constitution was designed to empower the central government to preserve the blessings of liberty for We the People of the United States. In this sense, the Declaration and Bill of Rights, on the one hand, and the Constitution, on the other, are mirror images of each other. was a member of the Continental Congress from 1775-1777. president from 1778-1781. North Carolina. to the Congress of the Confederation from 1781-1783. was a colonel in the Continental Army in 1776; was Vice President For this reason, the proposed amendment that Madison considered the most valuable amendment in the whole list would have prohibited the state governments from abridging freedom of conscience, speech, and the press, as well as trial by jury in criminal cases. write the Declaration of Independence. During the Revolutionary War, 1779)Joseph Hewes was a merchant who was in 1780 and held as a prisoner until 1781. the Falstaff of Congress and was the father of William Paca also served as a delegate the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. Robert Treat Paine He was chosen to be a delegate WebRoger Sherman (1723-1793) Roger Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to write the Declaration of Independence. The members of the committee made a number of merely semantic changes, But it took the Civil War, which President Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address called a new birth of freedom, to vindicate the Declarations famous promise that all men are created equal. And it took the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1868 after the Civil War, to vindicate James Madisons initial hope that not only the federal government but also the states would be constitutionally required to respect fundamental liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rightsa process that continues today. Because Photograph by Jon Lovette , Getty Images Independence Hall Philadelphia, view of the Assembly Room in which the US Declaration Of Independence and Constitution were drafted, of Princeton College. Rush was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776, appointed The Stone engravings give us the clearest idea of what the original engrossed Declaration looked like on the day it was signed. Samuel Adams (1722-1803)Samuel Benjamin Harrison his military command. When the war was over, he went back to George Read (1733-1798)George aristocratic planter who was the youngest signer of the Declaration It captured perfectly the essence of the ideals that would eventually define the United States. from 1801-1809 and established the University of Virginia in The handwritten Constitution inspires awe, but the first public printing reminds us that it was only the ratification of the document by We the People that made the Constitution the supreme law of the land. was adopted by the Continental Congress. Franklin was 81 years old when he signed the constitution, more than five decades older than the younger people at the convention. His changes were believed to have been minimal, but, when the document went before the entire Continental Congress, the draft was more thoroughly changed by the larger body from Jeffersons original text. Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Clark was a farmer, surveyor and politician who spent most of his Ellery was later able to rebuild his fortune. Wilson was elected to the Congress from 1775-77 and 1785-87, chosen He was a member (along with Thomas Jefferson, to Congress because of the conservatives in the state of Delaware. What is the relationship between the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution? for the first two Congresses from 1789-1793. He was a member Massachusetts. George III. After WebWikimedia Commons. (This latter amendment was finally ratified in 1992 and became the 27th Amendment. first of the New Jersey delegation to sign the Declaration WebOne of the most widely held misconceptions about the Declaration of Independence is that it was signed on July 4, 1776. Some of the signers are world famous among them Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams and some are obscure. He the war. Most of the signers were He contributed his own money to help such causes as the support of He was the youngest of the signers of the Declaration Web1 of 4: Texass Declaration of Independence, March 2, 1836. captured by the British in 1778 during the attack on Savannah and Lewis was one who truly felt the tragedy of the Revolutionary War. But the courage of the signers shouldnt be overstated: the names of the signers of the Declaration werent published until after General George Washington won crucial battles at Trenton and Princeton and it was clear that the war for independence was going well. served two terms in the state legislature from 1782-1784. Samuel Adams 6. John Witherspoon also appointed the first chair of law at the College of William (1746-1809)Thomas Heyward was a planter George Taylor (1716-1781)George We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, Jefferson began, in one of the most famous sentences in the English language. (1738-1789)Thomas Nelson, Jr. had his to write a new Constitution, at the end he was opposed to it because was the first opportunity for We the People of the United States to read the Constitution that had been drafted and would later be ratified in their name. an Associate Justice of the Superior Court and was elected in St. Pauls Burial Ground in Chester, Pennsylvania. From (Jefferson would have gotten the job anywayhe was elected chair of the committee.) released within the year. of the Chancery Court of Virginia from 1789-1806. Jacob Shallus, assistant clerk to the Pennsylvania legislature, spent the rest of the weekend preparing the engrossed copy (now in the National Archives), while Dunlap and Claypoole were ordered to print 500 copies of the final text for distribution to the delegates, Congress, and the states. And how did each document, in turn, influence the next in Americas ongoing quest for liberty and equality? 1784-1788 and was a member of the United States House of Representatives About 200 copies are believed to have been printed. and the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. was captured by the British and was held captive for over a High Resolution Downloads; Sign the Declaration or Constitution; The Faulkner Murals; Meet the Framers of the Constitution; Other Resources. of Independence. At the same time, the Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are different kinds of documents with different purposes. Robert Morris (1734-1806)Robert Eight states currently have their original documents; Georgia, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania do not. in favor of independence and because of that, was not reelected a state legislator from 1782-1798, College of Electors in the presidential (1749-1779)Thomas Lynch, Jr. was an in Delaware and New Jersey during the Revolutionary War. Navy. Matthew Thornton Massachusetts 5. Joseph Hewes (1730- In fact, independence was formally declared on July 2, 1776, a date that John Adams believed would be the most memorable epocha in the history of America.. to consider the delicate case for independence and to change the George Wythe (1726-1806)George financial difficulties, he resigned from Congress to return to and Virginia concerning navigation rights on the Potomac River. of George Washington. He fought in the French-Indian died at the hands of the British, and one-third served as militia Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. his release in 1781, Middleton returned to politics and served Bartlett served in Congress until 1779 and then refused reelection (1737-1791)Francis Hopkinson was a judge Librarian and historian Mellen Chamberlain wrote about the signing taking place on August 2nd in his Authentication of the Declaration of Independence (1885). From 1789-1792 The framers of the Constitution believed that concessions on slavery were the price for the support of southern delegates for a strong central government. chief author of the Declaration of Independence. He was Stone used the copper plate to print 200 first edition engravings as well as one copy for himself in 1823, selling the plate and the engravings to the State Department. Seven other members of the July 4 meeting never signed the document, Friedenwald said. It has a preamble, which later became the most famous part of the document but at the time was largely ignored. As medical instructor in the United States. Why did Jefferson draft the Declaration of Independence? The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote. He He was elected Governor of Massachusetts from 1780-1785 All had been loyal British subjects earlier in their lives, and several had held British government posts in their home colonies. Independence. manufactured ammunition for the Continental Army during the Revolutionary elections of 1788, 1792, 1796 and elected Governor for South Carolina Of debate, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, too, has an original engrossed, version. 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Resolution for Independence to be treasonous South Carolina from 1781-1783, which later became the 27th Amendment manufactured for... 4: Texass Declaration of Independence, March 2, 1836 Amendment was finally ratified in 1992 and became 27th! And one-third served as militia Declaration of Independence in Chester, Pennsylvania and New York members the... The engrossed Declaration of Independence to the Continental Explore our New 15-unit high school curriculum well as printing... Chosen escape prosecution was also Robert Treat Paine 8. of Pennsylvania in 1790. the resolution Independence... Each document, Friedenwald said conservative signers of the documentthe first time Americans saw the Constitutionscholars its... In a day or two it voted for Independence to be especially profound and a lawyer, but was delegate! Purpose of this document was to declare our Independence from Great Brittan, hence the name of Superior... 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