The landing was supported by carrier-based aircraft of the U.S. 5th Fleet, which had also struck Japanese air installations at Wakde and Sarmi to the northwest. Report No. The remote but crucial airfield lay 25 miles south/southeast of the port town of Salamaua. [23] The Australian and American anti-aircraft gunners of the Composite Anti-Aircraft Defences played a crucial part. Blog of the Textual Records Division at the National Archives. It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. Many of the captured documents provided significant intelligence to General Douglas MacArthurs forces in the SWPA. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. [17], After this failure, the Japanese decided on a longer term, two-pronged assault for their next attempt on Port Moresby. 84 dealt with The Japanese and Bacterial Warfare. [5], Allied intelligence successes led to the decision to land at Hollandia. These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese Navys operational codes. [47], As a result of the terrain difficulties, Tanahmerah Bay was quickly written off as a landing site; while the infantry already ashore pressed on to the Sentani plain the remainder of the 24th Division was diverted to Humboldt Bay, which had by this time been secured. Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. The purpose of these campaigns was to safeguard the oil, rubber and other raw materials the Japanese needed. There were also other ATIS publications, based on captured documents and interrogations, such as Advanced Echelon Reports, Philippine Series Translations, and Interrogation Spot Reports. Dutch Indies Japan Nava Occupation Sulawesi GORONTALO with orange disc (2X) $3.25 . Japans strategy in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, The Allied offensive in the Pacific, 1944, Casualties and the material cost of the Pacific War. [43] The facilities in the area were designated Base G. Several higher headquarters were moved to the area, including those of the Sixth Army, Eighth Army, Fifth Air Force, and Seventh Fleet. MacArthur was now determined to liberate the island as a stepping-stone to the reconquest of the Philippines. [5] During the Guadalcanal campaign a large quantity of documents were captured, including ones retrieved from the Japanese submarine I-1, just offshore.[6]. The Royal Australian Air Force and Dutch air units remained under Kenneys control as part of the Allied Air Forces, while the Royal New Zealand Air Force, together with certain U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy land-based air units, continued to operate along the Solomon Islands axis. In January 1944, during the New Britain-New Guinea operations, captured Japanese code books enabled radio intelligence staff to determine the intentions of Lt. Gen. Hatazo Adachi, commander of the Japanese 18th Army. The stores situation in the forward area grew more urgent as the supply line up the single road broke down. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41 st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. During July and August 1944 the Japanese 18th Army, based on Wewak, mounted an attack on Aitape, employing more than 20,000 troops in the forward area. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. Although the quantity of documents captured in South East Asia and China were not as voluminous as those found elsewhere, nevertheless there were major collections captured. The naval command in the Southwest Pacific remained unchanged. After the cessation of hostilities, the War Crimes Echelon, a separate part of ATIS, was established. ATIS was established on September 19, 1942, and was headquartered in a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. Documents captured during the Philippine operations also proved useful. The US Navy had similar language programs. This attack also destroyed 60 percent of all rations and ammunition that had been landed, and resulted in shortages amongst the infantry advancing towards the airfields. Also captured on January 19th was a radio chart that was used by I Corps Signal officers to gain highly satisfactory results in the monitoring of Japanese radio communications. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Lindberg D-Day Invasion LCT Cargo Ship Model Kit 1/125 New Sealed In Damaged Box at the best online prices at eBay! This document was immediately translated and subsequently provided new bombing targets for the B-29s over Japan and during the early occupation provided a means of quickly locating and seizing armaments. region: "", An airfield had been built there during an area gold rush in the 1920s and 1930s. The PTs turned their guns on, and hurled depth charges at the three boats which, with over a hundred men on board, sank. The Aussies were fighting mad, for they had found some of their captured fellows tied to trees and bayoneted to death, surmounted by the placard, 'It took them a long time to die'. Adachi ignored this order, and instead decided to concentrate his troops at Hansa Bay and Wewak. In September 1945 they seized in Singapore important documentary evidence of war crimes, including photographs showing captured Indian soldiers being executed for refusing to join with Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army. It was canceled in favour of a daring jump to Hollandia (now Jayapura) in Netherlands New Guinea, bypassing the Japanese strongholds at Wewak and Hansa Bay. The following month at least 20 fighters were lost in combat, while eight were destroyed in July. To alleviate this difficulty, in July 1944, an officer was assigned for duty with ATIS for the purpose of organizing a sub-section to clean and restore documents making them more readily legible. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. [45], "At 1400 the Russell Island radar screen became milky with traces of bogeys and Guadalcanal broadcast "Condition Red," followed shortly by an unprecedented "Condition Very Red. The Japanese defended Biak valiantly, even managing at one point to bring in 1,100 reinforcements, but they were finally overcome in early August. [21][22] Of the total force, 22,500 combat troops were assigned to the landing at Aitape; while the rest (nearly 30,000) were allocated to the Hollandia landings. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. A map, also captured on March 21st, and quickly translated, proved to be more accurate than maps possessed by the attacking forces. Excerpts from the citation indicate that he, with great risk to his life made reconnaissance in a number of caves which had been occupied by Japanese, approaching dangerously close to enemy fire and recovered more than 11 cases of enemy documents vitally needed for the successful conclusion of the operation.. Among this cache were code books and a list of Japanese and German agents in the United States. In February 1944, marines and soldiers from the 27th Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi Island. This bombardment was augmented with air strikes from carrier-borne aircraft, while two destroyer-minesweepers, Long and Hogan, swept the bay ahead of the main landing force. Others included information about the Psychology in the Japanese Armed Forces (No. His contemplated offensive against Wau died a-borning. Historians acknowledge that the deciphering of the Z Plan was one of the greatest single intelligence feats of the war in the South West Pacific Area. On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War. [30], The D'Entrecasteaux Islands lie directly off the northeast coast of the lower portion of the Papuan peninsula. He was thrown into his own jail.[15]. Nimitz offered to assign eight small escort carriers to support the landing at Aitape, with these vessels then proceeding to support operations at Hollandia until 11 May. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. He was succeeded in September 1942, by Capt. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [43][44] Meanwhile, carrier-borne aircraft attacked targets around Wakde, Sarmi and Hollandia from 21 April, destroying at least 33 Japanese planes in the air and more on the ground. 25 with Anti-Japanese activities in Java; and No. When very few documents were captured and relatively little was known about the enemy forces in the SWPA, it was imperative to translate all documents in full. The situation was not fully resolved until 3 May when transport aircraft began landing on an airstrip that was hastily built by an engineer aviation battalion at Tami. 73] provided the plans for the Japanese Navys operations in the Marianas and the Philippines. Having been organized along lines completely unorthodox, these were invaluable documents to the G-2 Section, especially as this Force was a major enemy unit on the left flank near La Union, Luzon, at that time. The landings took place at dawn on 22 April after a supporting naval bombardment at each site. These totaled 11,000 men under the command of General Masazumi Inada, Major General Toyozo Kitazono and Rear Admiral Yoshikazu Endo (Ninth Fleet). A force of 800 Australian troops landed on 22 October on either side of the Japanese position. Most regrettable!!' [13], Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are the Huon Gulf and the Huon Peninsula. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States and foreign archival institutions hold copies of these publications. Just below the Equator, Biak stood as an outpost guarding the entrance to Cenderawasih (Geelvink) Bay and looking out across the ocean to the distant Philippines. Also produced were ATIS Publications. [25] But fighters did provide cover for the transports, and for bombers when their targets were within range. [19], Allied planners estimated Japanese forces around Hollandia at around 14,000 troops in total. They arrived off Hollandia during the night of 21/22 April and about 20 miles (32km) offshore, the convoy split again with the Central Attack Group preceding for Humboldt Bay while the Western Attack Group turned towards Tanahmerah Bay. I am estimating that a cubic foot of records is 2,500 pages. The other landing would be made at Humboldt Bay by two RCTs (the 162nd and 186th) of the 41st Division. Primary Image: The US pursued a two-pronged offensive across the central and southwest Pacific to . [63][64], Meanwhile, the Allies quickly made the Sentani airfields operational and were able to mount bombing raids on Japanese positions as far west as Biak, making them useless for air operations. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the leaders of the Allied nations agreed to this change in strategy focusing on neutralizing Rabaul rather than capturing it.[50]. In mid-July 1944, near Moemi, soldiers recovered three cases of buried records, including seven important documents that a Japanese deserter had led them to. [48][55], According to historian Stanley Kirby, the collapse of Japanese resistance was due to a lack of preparedness, changes in the command structure and a lack of combat troops; many of the 11,000 men based there were administrative and support units. The survivors were rescued by local villagers and handed over to Lieutenant Colonel Jim Cushing, US Army, the leader of the Philippine Guerrillas. Also, Yamamoto accepted at face value his fliers' over-optimistic reports of damage: they reported a score of one cruiser, two destroyers and 25 transports, as well as 175 Allied planes, a figure that should certainly have aroused some skepticism. Base ATIS received a document in March 1945 giving a complete record of the Japanese monitoring of Allied radio communications in the Philippine Islands during the period from October 1942 to December 1943. This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. Operations focused on attacking positions and seaborne traffic around Timor, Ambon, and the Kai and Aroe Islands. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress. The US Navy Submarine USS Crevalle (SS 291) was sent to recover the documents and cipher codes. During the first week of March 1945, I Corps ATIS Advanced Echelon on Luzon translated four top secret Japanese operational orders made between February 26th-March 2nd. The work contains a complete study on the collection, translation, and processing of captured documents. During the Lae-Salamaua Operation in the summer of 1943 the Allies relied heavily on captured documents for intelligence information and planning. During the period of October 1942-July 1943, the work of indexing, abstracting and collating information from captured documents and prisoners of war, answering internal queries, and providing information to assist translators and examiners, was carried on by a staff consisting of six officers and ten enlisted personnel. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents, dated December 14, 1944. The quantity and type of documents captured from the Japanese varied widely. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 60, planes and PTs went about the sickening business of killing survivors in boats, rafts or wreckage. [27] As the Japanese ground forces pressed toward Port Moresby, the Allied Air Forces struck supply points along the Kokoda Track. The Eastern Fleet's British and American aircraft carriers raided Sabang on 19 April. US troops and vehicles along the invasion beach at Korako. The fires around White 1 continued until 27 April when the engineers were released to return to the beach. Incidence of malaria was almost one hundred per cent. graduate Hollandia. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. They immediately sent back to Australia approximately 3,500 pounds of records, letters, and other documentary material. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese documents held as souvenirs of earlier battles in New Guinea, which contained information of tactical value which if had been turned in at the time, would have saved lives and shortened battles. Once Manila and its environs had been captured, CIC search and seizure teams located and took custody of large quantities of Japanese documents. Between the mountain ridge and the lake was a narrow plain where the Japanese had built a number of airfields; three had been constructed by April 1944 and a fourth was under construction. MacArthur was further determined to conquer all of New Guinea in his progress toward the eventual recapture of the Philippines. Round one had gone to the Americans and Australians who had ejected the. It was recognized that before an invasion of the Japanese home islands became possible it would be necessary to undertake extensive aerial bombardment of the islands and cut Japans lines of communications to the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. [1] Among them were the Southeast Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC)[2]; the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center (SINTIC)[3]; and, the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). Today known as Jayapura, in 1941 Hollandia (140.707E 2.543S) was the largest settlement in the Dutch half of New Guinea.It was located on the only really first-class natural harbor on the north coast of Dutch New Guinea, Humboldt Bay, though it had only primitive port facilities. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. Land-based aircraft of the Allied air forces softened up the Hollandia area, destroying more than 300 enemy aircraft during the weeks preceding the attack. Over 170 were published, including many extracts from diaries and notebooks. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. [61] U.S. forces undertook mopping up operations in the area until 6 June. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. The Japanese also seized the key oil production zones of Borneo, Central Java, Malang, Cepu, Sumatra, and Dutch New Guinea of the late Dutch East Indies, defeating the Dutch forces. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). Japanese forces began to land on the island of Luzon in the Philippines on December 10. . [44], I-Go was to be carried out in two phases, one against the lower Solomons and one against Papua. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. The Navy played a crucial role in operations to take Japanese airfields. The first appeared on October 19, 1944, and as of September 1, 1945, eight had been completed and published. It was not just on the islands that important information was captured. Documents were first captured from a Japanese plane downed in the Pearl Harbor attack. When Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved into internment camps in the late spring of 1942, the school moved to temporary quarters at Camp Savage, Minnesota. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. Garrisons were effectively besieged and denied shipments of food and medical supplies, and as a result, some claim that 97% of Japanese deaths in this campaign were from non-combat causes. Mountains rise to over 7000 feet ( 2100 m ) disc ( 2X ) 3.25... Determined to liberate the island of Luzon in the Southwest Pacific to, notified his superiors who in turn the. 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